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This handout will help you figure out how to use oral histories in essays. It will give you suggestions for how to prepare for and conduct oral history interviews and help you determine, based on your context and purpose, how to integrate raw material into your essay.
However, we do know a great deal about everyday experience in our own time and culture, and a large part of that knowledge comes not from textbooks but from talking to others. We learn about the histories of our families through conversation with those who remember them and about what various cultures value by observing their celebrations and listening to their music, among other things.
So if you want to learn about another culture, country, era, etc, how to construct an argumentative essay. Oral history involves interviewing a person or group to get an inside perspective into what it was like to live in a particular time or is like to live as the member of a particular group within a society.
We can also learn more about the experiences of groups from all sections of society, including the ones whose experience is not always thoroughly known or well documented, such as the working class, ethnic or religious minorities, or women. When professors use oral history projects in classes, they usually ask you to interview only one or two people. The interview stage of the process requires effective question-making and interviewing skills. Usually, the project consists of taking raw material from an interview and shaping it into an essay.
This step requires you to make some decisions about how you want to present the material and analytical how to construct an argumentative essay to help you interpret what you learn. Fields in which you might be assigned an oral history paper include history, anthropology, and other disciplines that study the experiences of specific social groups such as women or ethnic groups.
The goals of these fields affect the ways they use this kind of project:. Dominant cultures have a tendency not to notice or acknowledge the experiences of certain subgroups, viewing them as peripheral rather than central—in other words, marginalizing them. Academic fields have emerged to explore the experiences of marginalized groups, and these fields tend to value experiential knowledge. Oral history projects can be a way of accessing such knowledge.
Before the interview, familiarize yourself with the history and characteristics of the culture your interviewee is from. Some interviews may be fairly unstructured, how to construct an argumentative essay, with only general guidance from you. For instance, you may just choose some topics to discuss, allowing the interviewee to lead the way.
Some interviews, especially those in undergraduate course assignments, are more highly structured and take the shape of a list of questions and responses. This is especially useful when you hope to use the raw material of the interview to make a particular point or are looking to address very focused issues. Think about what kinds of issues would be most helpful for you to learn about. For instance, learning how the person felt about major life events might help you understand how your interviewee sees his or her life as a whole.
Questions about what it was actually like to live through segregation or the Vietnam War might give you a new perspective on a historical time period. Ask if the interviewee would prefer that you not use his or her actual name.
Tape record the interview if possible. Test your tape recorder, digital voice recorder, or videocamera ahead of time and bring extra batteries if necessary. In any interview setting, try to select an environment free from distractions, so that both you and the interviewee will be able to concentrate. Choose a spot where you will both feel comfortable. Silence will feel awkward at first, but give your interviewee a chance to think.
Watch for signs of fatigue. Making assumptions about the person may damage trust and skew the essay you write. Sometimes, you may be asked to transcribe your oral history interview or part of it. Transcription is the process of taking a sound file and translating it to text; how to construct an argumentative essay creates a written transcript of an oral conversation.
One of the goals of transcribing interviews is to give readers a sense of the interview—how was it formatted, was it formal or informal, did the interviewer ask a lot of questions or did the interview subject do most of the talking with just a few prompts, what language and speaking style did the participants use?
Therefore, the transcript should reflect, as closely as possible, the words, speech patterns, and thought patterns of the interview subject. His or her word choice, how to construct an argumentative essay, grammar, and ideas should be transcribed as accurately as possible. Transcribing can be a long and very detailed process. It will be easiest how to construct an argumentative essay you take detailed notes during the interview about the different questions, topics, and themes that you discuss.
Write down any memorable phrases or ideas, how to construct an argumentative essay, so you have some markers for different points in the interview. You will need to listen to the entire portion of the interview to be transcribed several times.
Many people find it helpful to listen all the way through a section once, then again, transcribing as much as possible, then a third or fourth, or fifth! time in order to fill in all the holes. At the end of this handout, you will find some websites that detail how to transcribe an oral history interview.
When you have a complete transcript, it is common practice to return it to the interviewee for editing—these changes can be noted in various ways or integrated into the document. Interviewees may need to correct things like dates, names, or places. Or they may want to provide more elaboration or clarification on a subject.
Though this is standard practice for professional historians, your instructor may or may not expect you to do this, how to construct an argumentative essay.
The process you use will depend on what you want your how to construct an argumentative essay to do. Because oral history papers can vary a great deal according to their aims, make sure to develop a clear sense of your purpose. The assignment itself may specify quite clearly what kind of an oral history project you may do or leave many of the choices up to you.
In either case, figuring out what you want your essay to accomplish will help you make definitive decisions about how to write it. C and D are especially common in undergraduate assignments of this type, but every assignment is different. Introduce the individual, explain the circumstances of the interview, and then literally transcribe your questions and their responses. Present the questions and responses in the order you asked the questions.
You may also include an introduction that briefly describes the person. Whether or not you need to use secondary sources is partially a matter of what the assignment calls for.
If you felt limited, why do you think that might have been? If you want your essay to transcribe the interview, you will just present the questions and answers:. Lucretia: I have always been good at organizing things and getting along with people, so that made it easy for me to find receptionist jobs. Introduce the individual and outline the topics that the interview explored. Then use these topics to help you decide whether you want to organize the essay by the sequence of your questions or by topics that emerged as you reviewed your notes.
Your introduction should say a few things about who the person is and name some of the recurring themes or issues to prepare the reader to notice those in the body of the essay. For this approach as well as the next, our handout on quotations might be how to construct an argumentative essay. Analyze the responses to your questions and what they illustrate about their historical or social context.
How to construct an argumentative essay introduction should contain and explain a thesis statement that makes a claim about the nature of the historical or social context. A good general guideline is to include at least as much explanation of the quote as the quote is long. Paraphrases are helpful when you need just the content of the comment to make your point—that is, when the language the interviewee uses is not the primary issue.
You may even include some references to secondary sources, depending on the assignment and your own sense of whether they would strengthen your analysis:, how to construct an argumentative essay. A good rule of thumb is to include at least as much explanation of the quote as the quote is long. We consulted these works while writing this handout.
Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial. We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.
Baylor University. Accessed June 24, Library of Congress. Last updated August Moyer, Judith. Harvard University. Shopes, Linda. February This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.
You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Make a Gift. Skip to main content.
How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Logical Structure
, time: 9:51Oral History – The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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